What Is Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder?

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a mental illness that causes repeated unwanted thoughts or sensations (obsessions). It also can give you an urge to do something over and over again (compulsions). Some people have both obsessions and compulsions.

OCD isn’t about habits like biting your nails or thinking negative thoughts. An obsessive thought might be that certain numbers or colors are “good” or “bad.” A compulsive habit might be to wash your hands seven times after touching something that could be dirty. Although you may not want to think or do these things, you feel like you can’t stop.

Everyone has habits or thoughts that repeat sometimes. People with OCD have thoughts or actions that:

  • Take up at least an hour a day
  • Are beyond your control
  • Aren’t enjoyable
  • Interfere with work, your social life, or another part of life

OCD Types and Symptoms

OCD comes in many forms, but most cases fall into at least one of four general categories:

  • Checking, such as locks, alarm systems, ovens, or light switches, or thinking you have a medical condition like pregnancy or schizophrenia.
  • Contamination, a fear of things that might be dirty or a having a compulsion to clean (you may hear this called “obsessive cleanliness disorder”). Mental contamination involves feeling like you’ve been treated like dirt.
  • Symmetry and ordering, the need to have things lined up in a certain way.
  • Ruminations and intrusive thoughts, an obsession with a line of thought. Some of these thoughts might be violent or disturbing.
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Obsessions and Compulsions

Many people who have OCD know that their thoughts and habits don’t make sense. They don’t do them because they enjoy them, but because they can’t quit. And if they stop, they feel so bad that they start again.

Obsessive thoughts can include:

  • Worries about yourself or other people getting hurt
    Constant awareness of blinking, breathing, or other body sensation

  • Suspicion that a partner is unfaithful with no reason to believe it

  • Worries about germs and dirt touching your body


Compulsive habits can include

  • Doing tasks in a specific order every time or a certain “good” number of times

  • Needing to count things, like steps or bottles

  • Fear of touching doorknobs, using public toilets, or shaking hands
  • Rituals of washing and cleaning

OCD Causes and Risk Factors

  • A parent, sibling, or child with OCD
  • Physical differences in certain parts of your brain
  • Depression, anxiety, or tics
  • Experience with trauma
  • A history of physical or sexual abuse as a child

 

 

OCD Treatment

  • Psychotherapy. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) can help change your thinking patterns. In a form called exposure and response prevention, your doctor will put you in a situation designed to create anxiety or set off compulsions. You’ll learn to lessen and then stop your OCD thoughts or actions.
  • Relaxation. Simple things like meditation, yoga, and massage can help with stressful OCD symptoms.
 

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